Sunday · September 27, 2026
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American history, reported as it happened
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18481776 Club

Scientists regroup as a national body: the American Association for the Advancement of Science forms in Philadelphia

Seventy-eight members sign on, and William Charles Redfield takes the chair as the new society's first president.

American science in 1848 had no single voice. Geologists, astronomers, and naturalists worked in scattered state societies with little way to coordinate or advocate for resources. On September 20, meeting at Philadelphia's Academy of Natural Sciences, members of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists voted to reorganize themselves into a broader body: the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Seventy-eight scientists signed on, and William Charles Redfield, who had submitted the most detailed organizational plan, became its first president…

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More from September 20
2001

Bush tells Congress: this is a war on terror, and it starts with al Qaeda

Nine days after the towers fell, the president draws a line meant to reach far past Afghanistan.
1984

A van bomb tears into the US embassy annex at Aukar, killing 23

Guards' gunfire kept the van from reaching the building; it still detonated close enough to rip off the front wall.
1881

Arthur takes the oath before dawn, in his own parlor

A New York judge administers the presidency at 2:15 in the morning, hours after Garfield dies of his wounds.
20111776 Club
A 17-year ban on open service ends after a 60-day countdown set by Obama, Panetta, and Mullen.
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Read the full September 20 edition →Everything that happened on September 20 →
More from Expansion & Antebellum
1846

Thirty-three armed settlers seize Sonoma before dawn; California declares itself a republic

General Vallejo is taken prisoner in his own home, 170 government horses are seized, and a hand-sewn bear flag now flies over the barracks.
1859

Captain Brooks claims a mid-Pacific atoll for the United States; he calls it the Middlebrook Islands

The sealing ship Gambia raised the flag under the Guano Islands Act, planting a U.S. claim a third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo.
1846

Sloat raises the flag over Monterey; Mexico's California falls without a shot

Sailors and marines from three warships walk ashore unopposed, ending both Mexican rule and the weeks-old California Republic declared at Sonoma.
1821

Spain hands over Florida; the U.S. takes possession of the peninsula under the Adams-Onís Treaty

Madrid settles for $5,000,000 in claims after years of Seminole raids, runaway slaves, and Jackson's soldiers crossing the border uninvited.
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