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The events of July 18 · Read the full edition → · More from July 18 →
19681776 Club

Moore and Noyce quit Fairchild and incorporate a semiconductor memory company in Mountain View

Backed by Arthur Rock and registered today as NM Electronics, the new venture already has a third man: chemical engineer Andy Grove, employee number three.

By 1968, magnetic-core memory was expected to give way to semiconductor memory, and Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce wanted in early. The two had already built Fairchild Semiconductor into a powerhouse; now, with backing from investor Arthur Rock, they incorporated a new company in Mountain View on July 18, 1968. They called it NM Electronics at first, then renamed it Intel before the end of July 1968. Chemical engineer Andy Grove joined almost immediately as employee number three…

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More from July 18
1966

Young and Collins ride Agena's engine to 412 nautical miles; no human has flown higher

Gemini 10 docks with its target vehicle hours after liftoff from Cape Kennedy, with Collins set to walk outside and retrieve hardware from a second Agena still drifting in orbit.
1863

Shaw is killed at the parapet; the 54th Massachusetts storms Fort Wagner

One of the first Black regiments in the Union Army leads the beach assault on Charleston harbor's fort, suffering heavy losses but silencing doubts about whether these soldiers will fight.
1914

Congress creates an aviation section inside the Signal Corps; $250,000 to get it started

Public Law 143 gives the Army's handful of planes a formal home, but keeps aviation folded inside the Signal Corps rather than making it a branch of its own.
20131776 Club
The city of 700,000 becomes the largest by population ever to seek bankruptcy protection, its revenue down more than 20 percent since 2008.
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More from Cold War America
1967

Thurgood Marshall takes the oath; the Supreme Court has its first Black justice

The Senate confirmed Marshall 69–11 on August 30, brushing aside sustained Southern objections; he is sworn in today, October 2.
1971

The Times begins printing the Pentagon Papers; four presidents, the documents show, misled the country on Vietnam

A 7,000-page classified Defense Department study reveals the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson administrations each obscured the true scope of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia.
1961

Twelve nations' Antarctic pact takes force; military operations and nuclear tests are now banned on the continent

The agreement, signed in 1959 after Argentine marines fired on British researchers, designates everything south of 60°S as a scientific preserve open to all signatories.
1972

Nixon signs 37 words into law; no federal program may turn away a student on the basis of sex

Senator Birch Bayh's passage, buried in the Education Amendments of 1972, draws almost no public attention at the signing.
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