Wednesday · November 11, 2026
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American history, reported as it happened
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Grant signs a real law department into being; the Attorney General can no longer moonlight to make ends meet

For 80 years the government's chief law officer ran a six-person office. The new Department of Justice centralizes all federal legal authority under one full-time hand.

For eighty years, the federal government's chief law officer ran a six-person office and moonlighted in private practice to pay the bills. That changed on June 22, 1870, when President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill creating the Department of Justice — centralizing federal legal authority under a full-time Attorney General for the first time. Congressman William Lawrence had introduced the measure in 1868 after the House Judiciary Committee concluded the government simply needed a real law department. Within a year, the new agency had issued 3,000 indictments against Ku Klux Klan members across the South…

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More from June 22
1945

Flag rises on Okinawa; Ushijima and his chief of staff are dead by their own hand

Eighty-two days of cave fighting, monsoon rain, and kamikaze attacks end with organized Japanese resistance broken and ninety miles of runway in Allied hands.
1942

Congress makes the Pledge of Allegiance official, fifty years after a magazine wrote it

The wording, unchanged from Bellamy's 1892 Columbus Day campaign, is now federal law, with the United States seven months into war.
1944

Roosevelt signs the Servicemen's Readjustment Act; veterans to get mortgages, tuition, and a year's pay

Congress voted unanimously, sixteen days after D-Day, with the WWI bonus debacle and the 1932 Bonus Army march still fresh in every lawmaker's memory.
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Coordinated ambushes strike Major Ridge, his son John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; Cherokee blood law holds that selling tribal land without authorization is a capital offense.
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More from Civil War & Reconstruction
1877

Hall finds a second Martian moon, tucked in close to the planet

Six days after spotting Deimos, the Naval Observatory astronomer confirms an inner satellite so near Mars it nearly hides in the glare.
1864

Fort Morgan falls; Page breaks his sword rather than hand it over

The last major fort guarding Mobile Bay surrenders after two weeks of siege fire, leaving Galveston as the Gulf's only open Confederate port.
1861

Union guns open on Hatteras Inlet; the forts guarding it cannot answer

Two days of naval bombardment give the Union its first foothold on Confederate soil.
1864

South of Atlanta, Federal troops crack Hardee's line at Jonesborough

Hood had already pulled half the defenders back toward Atlanta before the attack even began.
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